四、训练

　　以前，学生在阅读理解中，词语推测能力较弱，实际阅读效果不令人满意，其中一个重要原因是我们虽然指导了学生一些词语推测的策略和技巧，但没有进行相应的、系统的专题训练。而词语推测能力的获得与提高，就像一个人学习骑自行车，不仅要有学习方法的指导，更要有大量的实践锻炼，才能做到熟能生巧，得心应手。因此，经过教学反思后，我们认为，加强词语推测能力的专题训练，也是阅读教学的重要一环，不能马虎。词语推测专题训练的原则应该是“先句后文，循序渐进”。训练流程是“巩固基础、专题突进、综合提升”。

1、巩固基础

　　（1）积累足量词汇，夯实语言基础

　　要提高阅读水平，词汇量非常重要，打个比方：造房子要砖瓦材料，词汇就是阅读英语的砖瓦材料，没有相当量的英语词汇，阅读英语是无法进行的。所以要提高阅读水平，就得学会积累词语。况且，对大部分学生来说，解决阅读问题（障碍）的首要任务就是解决词汇量问题。积累词汇是一件十分艰巨的事情，我们既要让学生明白词汇的重要性及艰巨性，也要给他们提供词汇记忆的方法及相应的训练，比如，我们可以引导学生通过阅读处理和记忆单词：在通读全文后看第二遍，遇到生词尽可能根据上下文来猜，仍猜不出意思的，再去查词典，然后抄写在一本可随身携带的小本子上。每天有空时，就拿出这小本子背诵记忆，这样做不费时，效果却很好，因不时接触，反复记忆，词汇量增加得很快。

　　（2）依靠阅读课文，培养阅读技巧

　　高三英语阅读课文大部分内容选自英语国家的教材，有的是原著，有的是改写本，有的是其它语言著作的英译文。具有话题广泛，体裁多样，语言纯正，知识丰富等特征。它是各单元教学的核心，是培养学生阅读能力的主渠道。充分运用这些阅读课文，引导学生运用阅读的各种方法，提高阅读理解能力。1）快速阅读材料或快速浏览阅读理解题。先粗读全文，理解总体。先阅读理解题，即为“带着问题去读”，能准确地掌握文章细节。2）快速找出每段的主题句。将各主题联串在一起，即得到文章的主题。这种阅读适合于科普及说明文章。3）分析结构复杂的长句，抓住句子的主要结构。4）选择做题方法。对客观理解题可采用直接做题法、搜寻法等。对主观理解题则可选用逆向思维法、分析综合法等。

　　特别指出的是，高三阅读课文中有大量的根据课文上下文理解词语的练习，我们注重利用这些现成的题材，作为培养学生推测词语能力的抓手，使学生在学习教材的教程中拥有一定的推测技巧。

　　（3）拓展阅读范围，扩大英语视野

　　读是输入。多读才能增加与单词、词语的接触。每天利用课余时间读1-2篇200词左右的短文。这些短文应语言地道，趣味性和思想性强。可选择一些名人传记、幽默故事、风土人情的文章，生词不要太多，并配有相应的测试题，以培养阅读兴趣。这样可以充分利用阅读材料，扩大词汇量，增强语感。另外，通过这类拓展性阅读，不仅让学生能够适应各种文体，而且在持续的阅读中接触和积累一些英语文化知识，这对于培养和提高词语推测能力，奠定厚实的基础。

2、专题突进

　　按照“先句后文，循序渐进”的原则，我们安排相应的教学时间，进行专题或专项性的词语推测能力的训练。专题突进训练的程序是先给学生词语推测策略和技巧的示例指导，然后按词语推测的策略的类型进行实践演练，专题突破。每隔一段时间再进行复习巩固。单句训练做到教材内外有机结合，方式有最佳选项、词语释义（paraphrase）等形式。

　　最佳选项类训练示例：

　　（1）The doctor preferred to resign rather be accused publicly of infamous conduct.

　　a. unknownb. extraordinaryc. mysteriousd. disgraceful

　　（2）They overestimated the young man’s ability; he’s finding the job difficult.

　　a. looked down uponb. doubtedc. respectedd. were too sure of

　　词语释义训练示例：

　　（1）People who wanted to enter the USA had to go through a number of mental and physical test, and about 2 million were turned away. Thus Ellis Island became known as “Island of Tears”. （SBIII L49）

　　Mentalmeans

　　Were turned awaymeans

　　(2)Thus they arrived at the court of the Duke, where Antonio’s trial was taking place. (SBIII L41-42)

　　Trial means __________

　　(3)Harley made up his mind to find out more information about his ancestors. “I want to find out more about my ‘roots’,” he said.（SBII L54）

　　Ancestors means __________

　　(3)At the boy’s last remark, the bookseller looked at him curiously. I told him what I had seen and heard at the five other places. (SBIII L30)

　　Remark means

　　(4)Cook went up and down the river in order to chart all the dangerous dangerous rocks. Finally he was able to mark a path for the warships to follow. (SBIII L6)

　　Chart means

　　(5)Food stores are frequently ruined by rain or damp, or eaten by mice. (SBIII L14)

　　Ruined means

　　(6)If the advertising fails, having no effect on sales, the whole programme will be reviewed. (SBIII L18)

　　Reviewedmeans

　　(7)Australia is the only country in the world which covers an entire continent. SBIII Lesson 11)

　　Entire means

　　(8)But towards the end of our crossing a terrible storm came up and the ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain.(SBIII L31)

　　On boardmeans&nbsp But formeans

　　(9)She was a lively young woman with patience and imagination. A born teacher, she thought she could turn a deaf-blind person into a useful human being. (SBIII L65)

　　Born means

　　(10)The purpose of the fence is to keep out a type of wild dog called a “dingo”.(SBIIIL11)

　　Dingomeans

　　(11)At weekends many Australians go walking and camping in the countryside, called the “bush”. (SBIII Lesson 11)

　　Bush means

　　（12）If fewer cash crops were grown, more food could be produced and there would be no starvation. (SBIII L14)

　　Starvationmeans

　　（13）Do you remember the boy who you followed when he had so much difficulty in buying a geography book, some thirty years ago in Cincinnati?(SBIII L31)

　　Some means3、综合提升

　　在“综合提升”阶段，我们选择一些与高考要求接近的语篇，设计一些词语推测题型，指导学生进行综合性性推测训练。与此同时，我们还为学生提供一种词语推测训练记载表，让学生把每次词语推测训练的成绩记录下来，便于学生明白自己的进展情况，也有利于教师进行分析和针对性的指导。

　　(1)His wife may even help with these things, just as he often helps her with the dishwashing. The son who is always at college may wait at table and wash dishes for his living ,or during the summer he may work with a construction gang on a highway in order to pay for his education

　　Question: The expression “wait at table” in the second paragraph means “_________”.

　　A. work in a furniture shop

　　B. keep accounts for a bar

　　C. wait to lay the table

　　D. serve customers in a restaurant

　　(2)Another source of knowledge is the vast store of traditional practices handed down from father to son，or mother to daughter，of old country customs，of folklore. All this is very difficult for a college student to examine，for much knowledge and personal experience is needed here to separate good plants from。

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