英语词语推测语境化结构化(4)

时间:2021-08-31

突破点二:借助构词法

  在英语中,大多数词是由词根加词缀构成的,因此,学生在具备了一定的词汇量的基础上,可运用词缀知识来帮助我们推测生词的大意前缀识别法,即是一种利用生词的词缀来推测生词大意的阅读方法。在运用这种方法时,首先要分析生词结构,找出词缀和词干,然后再根据自己所具有的词缀知识加以判断,所以最为基础的是学生要熟悉英语中觉词缀的具体含义,只有这样,方能对生词作出正确的猜测。如:We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor.(2004年高考浙江卷)这一句子中的两个生词就可以通过构词法知识加以攻破。

1、前缀识别法

  在大多数情况下,前缀往往改变词根的词义。笔者结合阅读实践过程中的实际用途,根据前缀的不同作用,把前缀分为:加强意义;否定和肯定意义;数量意义等几类。常用前缀有:ante-(之前的)、anti-(反对)、auto-(自己)、bi-(双)、de-(离开)、dia-(经过)、dis-(不再)、in-、im-、il-、ir-(非)、inter-(之间的)、 micro-(小的)、mis-(错误的)、multi-(许多)、mono-(单个)、post-(之后的)、 poly-(多重的)、semi-(半)、sub-、suc-、sus-(之下的)、trans-(横跨)、ultra-(超出)、syn-、sym-、syl-(和,在一起)等。

  例1: When I traveled from New Hampshire to Massachusetts I took the inter-state highway.

  解析:inter表示“之间的”,所以,inter-state的意义可推测为“州际的”。

  例2:Car rentals (出租) are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the roads.

  解析: expensive,形容词,昂贵的, in为前缀,构成反义词,所以inexpensive含义必然为“便宜的”。

2、后缀识别法

  后缀是附在词干后的语素,后缀不仅改变词的词义,而且还能改变词性。如depend加上后缀able后,成为一个新词dependable,该新词与原词depend相比,不仅词义由“依靠”变为“可依靠的”,而且其词性也由动词变为形容词。在运用后缀识别法时,如同前缀识别法一样,首先要先分析生词的结构,判断一下生词能否为词干和后缀,然后再根据具体情况加以处理符合用后缀识别法的,便可运用后缀法结合词干去推测一下生词的大意。如:-able, ible, -ble (能够);-ance, ence(状态; 性质);-ate(制造; 成为) ;-fy (使……成为) ;-ic, al(与……相关;……的特点);-ize (使……成为) ;-ous, -ious, -ose(充满……特点);-wise(有…的形状),等等。

  例1、Dick wanted to cut down a strong branch of tree with a knife but he failed.Then he sharpened his knife on a smooth stone and at last he succeeded in cutting off the branch.

  “To sharpen” here means “______”.

  A.to make strongB.to make sharpC.to make largeD.to make smooth

  解析:-en 表示“使……”之意,因此,sharpen的意思就是make…sharp了,即答案B。

  例2: The popularity of the igloo is beyond doubt.

  析: popular,形容词,受欢迎的,ty为后缀,构成名词,表性质,因此popularity可解释为“受欢迎性”。

  3、合成识别法

  例1:The French did a lot of repair work up until 1970, when the war forced the last of the French workforce to leave. (SBIII L26)

  解析:workforce由work(劳动)和force(力量)组成,组成后的workforce意思是不难推断的。

  例2:Reviewers sometimes describe books as “hard-to-put-down”, or “hard-to-pick-up-

  again”. (SBIII L57)

  解析:这种由连词符号连接进来的词组(短语)组成的一个新词,根据词面意思还是很好理解的。这种合成的方法是现代英语中一个极其普遍的现象,学生要适应有这种构词法组成的新词语的理解。

  例3:“Even when a man is said to be a best friend,”Rubin writes ,“the two share little about their innermost feelings…”

  解析:innermost为合成词, inner为形容词,内部的, most为形容词,最……,显然, innermost合起来意为“最内部的”,即“内心最深处的”。

4、转换识别法

  例1:He reasoned with them, and tried to persuade them to set him free. SBIII L53)

  解析:一般reason是作为名词使用的,但它的词性一转,变为动词,其意思也由“理由”变为“评理;劝说”了,但这种词性的变换,与基本意义总有一定的关系。

  例2:The hot sun had caused the dough to double in size…

  解析:考生比较熟悉double的名词词义“两倍”,而这儿的double作动词,结合语境不难猜出它表示“加倍”。

  例3: When men and women lived by hunting 50 000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life?

  析: picture常作名词,意为“图画”,这儿作动词,结合语境可猜测为“使脑海中出现图画”即“描绘”。

5、熟词新义法

  猜测熟词含义除了要求学生有较强的语境分析能力外,还要求学生有较宽的知识面,对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法,并将这些词进行简要归纳整理。如近几年高考试题中关于about出现过多种意义,如:(1)The only arrangement he does not care is the wheelchair provided to move him about if he gets tired.(2001年C篇) (2)About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.”(2002年D篇) (3)A man about to get his car out of the garage passed through the back yard where his garden jacket and boots were kept.(2002年D篇)

  上述三句中的“about”意义各不相同:第一句中相当于move around,意思是“到处走动”;第二句中解释为“大约”;第三句中则可联想到be about to,解释为“即将”。

  例1:In 1980, an Indian team visited the temple to prepare a report and found the temple in a poor state. Many of the stone figures had been stolen and others were falling to pieces. (SBIII L26)

  解析:对许多学生而言,state的常用意义是“国家”,但经过此句上下文的理解,state表示“状态”的意思已昭然若揭了的。

  例2:The country had been at war for many years and the temple was deserted and falling to pieces.(SBIII L26)

  解析:学生对desert较为熟识的意义是“沙漠”,但在阅读此句之后,与falling to pieces一联系,desert不是一个名词,而是一个动词了,它的意义大概是“被沙漠化了”,也即“荒废”了

  例3: The major market force rests in the growing population of white collar employees (白领雇员), who can afford the new service.

  解析:市场主要推动力在于白领雇员数目的增加,所以结合语境可猜测rest含义应为“依赖于”。

  例4:“It was the best night we had ever had” said Angela Carraro, who runs an Italian restaurant.

  解析:根据语境可知Angela Carraro为饭店主人,所以run的含义必然为“开(饭店)”。