代词及练习(含答案)

　　代词及练习(含答案)

　　第11章 代词

　　一.概念:

　　代词是代替名词的词, 按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。

　　二.相关知识点精讲

　　1.人称代词

　　1)人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。

　　2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：

　　I like table tennis. （作主语）

　　Do you knowhim?（作宾语）

　　3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：

　　---Whos is knocking at the door?

　　---It’s me.

　　4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：

　　He is older than me.

　　He is older thanI am.

　　2. 物主代词

　　1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性

　　物主代词，如下表所示。

　　2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：

　　Our teacher is coming to see us.

　　This is her pencil-box.

　　3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。

　　Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语）

　　--- Is this English-book yours? （作表语）

　　--- No. Mine is in my bag.

　　I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语）

　　3. 指示代词

　　指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。

　　1) this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those

　　则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：

　　This is a pen andthat is a pencil．

　　We are busy these days．

　　Inthose days the workers had a hard time．

　　2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲

　　到的事物，例如：

　　I had a cold. That's why I didn't come.

　　What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is very important in learning English．

　　3)有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如：

　　Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai．

　　4)this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：

　　Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?

　　4. 反身代词

　　 英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己"

　　等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。

　　反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。

　　1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人

　　或一些人。

　　 He called himself a writer．

　　 Would you please express yourself in English?

　　2)作表语。

　　 It doesn't matter．I'll be myself soon．

　　 The girl in the news is myself．

　　3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。

　　 I myself washed the clothes．（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）

　　You should ask the teacher himself．（作宾语同位语）

　　三.巩固练习

　　1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.

　　A. you B. me C. him D. her

　　2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.

　　A. a little B. little C. a few D. few

　　3. ---You want ________ sandwich?

　　---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.

　　A. other B. another C. others D. the other

　　4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.

　　A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs

　　5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?

　　---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.

　　A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

　　6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.

　　---Never mind. You can have ________.

　　A. us B. ours C. you D. yours

　　7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?

　　---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.

　　A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

　　8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?

　　---Work harder than last term.

　　A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself

　　9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?

　　---Her cousin, Susan.

　　A. that B. whose C. who D. which

　　10. ---Is _______ here?

　　---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.

　　A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody

　　11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.

　　A. many B. some C. few D. more

　　12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.

　　A. more B. other C. the other D. another

　　13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?

　　---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?

　　A. neither B. both C. none D. either

　　14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?

　　---No. _______ of them can use a computer.

　　A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All

　　15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?

　　A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that

　　16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?

　　A. another B. other C. one D. the other

　　17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.

　　A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves

　　18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?

　　---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo.

　　A. no B. any C. some D. none

　　19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______.

　　A. me B. my C. mine D. myself

　　20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?

　　A.

　　高中英语语法大全 第十一章 代词 (2)

　　2007-01-12 点击数:2292

　　5. 不定代词

　　不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表

　　语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：

　　1)some与any的区别

　　①some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。

　　Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.

　　. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.

　　②any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。

　　If you have any questions, please ask me.

　　There isn't any orange in the bottle.

　　Have you got any tea?

　　③any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。

　　How many people can you see in the picture?

　　I can't see any.

　　If you have no money, I'll lend you some.

　　注意：与some, any结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。

　　2) few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别

　　①用作形容词：

　　含义

　　用法

　　表示肯定

　　表示否定

　　用于可数名词

　　a few虽少，但有几个

　　few不多，几乎没有

　　用于不可数名词

　　a little，虽少，但有一点

　　little不多，没有什么

　　I'm going to buy a few apples.

　　He can speak only a little Chinese.

　　There is only a little milk in the glass.

　　He has few friends.

　　They had little money with them.

　　②a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。

　　I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)

　　Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)

　　Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)

　　She slept very little last night.

　　3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。

　　用 法

　　代名词

　　形容词

　　单数

　　复数

　　单数

　　复数

　　不定

　　another

　　另一个

　　others

　　别人，其他人

　　another (boy)

　　另一个（男孩）

　　other (boys)

　　其他男孩

　　特定

　　the other

　　另一个

　　the others

　　其余那些人、物

　　the other (boy)

　　另一个男孩

　　the other (boys)

　　其余那些男孩

　　①other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别

　　的”。

　　Where are his other books?

　　I haven't any other books except this one.

　　②other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。

　　He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.

　　She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.

　　③other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。

　　Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.

　　This coat is too large. Show me some others, please.

　　④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。

　　We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock.

　　In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.

　　⑤another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.

　　You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?

　　Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?

　　⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。

　　I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.

　　4)every与each的区别。

　　each

　　every

　　1)可单独使用

　　1)不可单独使用

　　2)可做代名词、形容词

　　2)仅作形容词

　　3)着重“个别”

　　3)着重“全体”，毫无例外

　　4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物

　　4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物

　　The teacher gave a toy to each child.

　　Each ball has a different colour.

　　当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。

　　Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher.

　　Every child likes playing. = All children like playing.

　　5)all和both的用法。

　　①all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。

　　All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语）

　　= We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)

　　All the water has been used up. (作主语)

　　That's all for today. (作表语)

　　Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)

　　All the leaders are here. (作定语)

　　②both作代词。

　　a.与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。

　　Lucy and Lily both agree with us.

　　They both passed on their sticks at the same time.

　　How are your parents? They're both fine.

　　b.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。

　　Both of them came to see Mary.

　　Both of the books are very interesting.

　　c.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。

　　Michael has two sons. Both are clever.

　　I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both.

　　③both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。

　　Both his younger sisters are our classmates.

　　. There are tall trees on both sides of the street.

　　6. 相互代词

　　表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。

　　We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）

　　Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语）

　　We often borrow each other's / one another's books. （作定语）

　　The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework.

　　（作定语）

　　7. 疑问代词

　　疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑

　　问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：

　　Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）

　　What is that? (作表语)

　　Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)

　　Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)

　　8.关系代词

　　关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：

　　I hate people who talk much but do little.

　　I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.

　　With the moneythat he had saved, he went on with his studies.

　　Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?

　　三.巩固练习

　　1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.

　　A. you B. me C. him D. her

　　2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.

　　A. a little B. little C. a few D. few

　　3. ---You want ________ sandwich?

　　---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry.

　　A. other B. another C. others D. the other

　　4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.

　　A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs

　　5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?

　　---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea.

　　A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

　　6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.

　　---Never mind. You can have ________.

　　A. us B. ours C. you D. yours

　　7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?

　　---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.

　　A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None

　　8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term?

　　---Work harder than last term.

　　A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself

　　9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for?

　　---Her cousin, Susan.

　　A. that B. whose C. who D. which

　　10. ---Is _______ here?

　　---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.

　　A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody

　　11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.

　　A. many B. some C. few D. more

　　12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30.

　　A. more B. other C. the other D. another

　　13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?

　　---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?

　　A. neither B. both C. none D. either

　　14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?

　　---No. _______ of them can use a computer.

　　A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All

　　15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith?

　　A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that

　　16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand?

　　A. another B. other C. one D. the other

　　17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______.

　　A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves

　　18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?

　　---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo.

　　A. no B. any C. some D. none

　　19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______.

　　A. me B. my C. mine D. myself

　　20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?

　　A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs

　　四.答案

　　1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C

　　三十五个经典句型 帮你过写作关（英语四级）

　　一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

　　~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)

　　例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

　　海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

　　Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

　　张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

　　二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V

　　Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

　　例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

　　没有比接受教育更重要的事。

　　三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.

　　（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）

　　例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

　　我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

　　四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）

　　例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

　　不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

　　五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）

　　例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

　　全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

　　六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）

　　例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

　　毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

　　七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）

　　例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.

　　使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

　　八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）

　　例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

　　The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

　　我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

　　九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）

　　例句：So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.

　　时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

　　十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）

　　例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

　　{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

　　虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

　　十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

　　The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）

　　例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

　　你愈努力，你愈进步。

　　The more books we read, the more learned we become.

　　我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。

　　十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）

　　例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

　　借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

　　十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）

　　例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

　　听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

　　十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...）

　　例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

　　我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

　　十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了）

　　例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

　　该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

　　十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）

　　例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

　　违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

　　十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...）

　　例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

　　没有人不渴望上大学。

　　十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）

　　例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

　　既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

　　十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的）

　　It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的）

　　It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的）

　　例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

　　可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

　　二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）

　　例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.

　　夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

　　二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）

　　例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

　　过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

　　二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。

　　例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

　　自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

　　二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。）

　　例句：It pays to help others.

　　帮助别人是值得的。

　　二十四、be based on （以...为基础）

　　例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.

　　社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

　　二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）

　　We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

　　我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

　　二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让...明白...事）

　　例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

　　我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。

　　二十七、be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关）

　　例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

　　做运动与健康息息相关。

　　二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving

　　= make it a rule to + V （养成...的习惯）

　　We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

　　我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

　　二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因为...）

　　例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

　　因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

　　三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）

　　例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

　　How important a thing it is to keep our promise!

　　遵守诺言是多么重要的事！

　　三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意）

　　例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

　　我们的交通状况令人不满意。

　　三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ （对...有很大的影响）

　　例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.

　　抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

　　三十三、do good to （对...有益），do harm to （对...有害）

　　例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

　　Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

　　三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （对...造成一大威胁）

　　例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

　　污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。

　　三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best （尽全力去...）

　　例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

　　我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

　　常见标点符号的用法

　　句号 Period [.]

　　用以表示一个句子的结束

　　Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.

　　The federal government is based in Ottawa.

　　用在缩写中

　　B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.

　　Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.

　　The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.

　　It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.

　　问号 Question Mark [?]

　　在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句：

　　How many provinces are there in Canada?

　　注意：在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号：

　　The teacher asked the class a question.

　　Do not ask me why.

　　叹号 Exclamation Mark [!]

　　在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪：

　　We won the Stanley Cup!

　　The forest is on fire!

　　逗号 Comma [,]

　　句子中的停顿

　　Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.

　　在疑问句中引出说话人：

　　"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

　　排列三个或以上的名词：

　　Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.

　　引出定语从句

　　Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.

　　单引号 Apostrophe [']

　　表示所有

　　This is David's computer.

　　These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)

　　Note: 对于复数形式的名词，只加'

　　These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)

　　缩写I don't know how to fix it.

　　[NextPage]

　　引号Quotation Marks ["]

　　直接引出某人说的话：

　　The prime minister said, "We will win the election."

　　"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."

　　冒号Colon [:]

　　引出一系列名词

　　There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.

　　引出一个较长的引语

　　The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."

　　分号Semicolon [;]

　　将两个相关的句子连接起来

　　The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.

　　和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词

　　The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.

　　破折号Dash [-]

　　在一个句子前作总结

　　Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.

　　在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释

　　The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.

　　表示某人在说话过程中被打断

　　The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.

　　连字符Hyphen [-]

　　连接两个单词

　　sweet-smelling

　　fire-resistant

　　将前缀

　　anti-Canadian

　　non-contact

　　在数字中使用

　　one-quarter

　　twenty-three

　　英语六级词汇与语法结构命题趋势

　　词汇命题趋势

　　《大学英语教学大纲修订稿》对大学英语基础阶段词汇教学的较高要求(六级)规定如下：

　　领会式掌握的单词为5，500个，其中复合式掌握的单词为3，000个，以及由这些词构成的常用词组2000条(中学所掌握的单词和词组包括在内)，并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力，领会式掌握是指看到英语单词能理解其词义，复合式掌握是指能正确拼写单词并掌握其基本词义和用法。大学英语六级测试就是检验学生是否达到了较高要求。

　　在大学英语六级考试中，词汇和语法同属一个考试项目，考试时间为20分钟，考试题数为30个，计分为每小题0.5分，其计15分。题目分配：30道题中，约60%(18道题)为词和短语的用法，约40%(12道题)为语法结构。可见，与四级测试相比而言，六级更重视词汇的测试。考试范围为教学大纲词汇表一至六级全部内容。测试词汇量大约5000～5300个单词及一定量的习语，涉及动词、动词短语、名词、形容词和副词等，目的是为了测试学生运用词、短语的能力。

　　从历年大学英语六级考试的试卷分析可以看出：词汇测试主要集中在词义的记忆与辨析、词汇的搭配与用法等项目上，归纳起来，可大致分为下列几种：?

　　1.同义、近义辨析题 词汇区别是词汇测试的一个重要方面，它主要是对同义词或近义词在含义与用法上进行区别。这类试题的选项是四个词性相同、词义相同或相近的词。测试的目的在于检测考生辨别词义和运用词汇的能力。词汇区别一直是学生在学习英语过程中遇到的一大难题。这主要是由于他们没有掌握汉英两种语言在词汇方面的差异，往往只注意英语的汉语释义，而忽略了其本身的内在涵义和用法。 eg. The driver of the lorry sustained only minor to legs and arms. A. hurt B. wound C. harm D. injury 答案 D。餐车司机的腿和胳膊只受了一些轻伤。这道题测试考生对同义词细微差别的辨别能力。四个选项中的名词都含有“伤害”之意，但它们之间还有语义使用范围上的细微差别。hurt多指“感情、精神”上的伤害。wound多指由枪炮等武器所造成的伤害。harm指危害、害伤。injury指在事故、战争中所受的伤害。根据题意，答案应选D。

　　2.近形词汇题 英语词汇中，有一些拼写很相似，但它们的词义或词性却不同。英语六级考试的一条重要命题规律就是用形近词来干扰考生作出正确选择。其目的是要检测考生辨别词形和运用词汇的能力。如果考生平时不善于对形近词进行自觉的对比，对它们的差异不甚了解，那就会在答题时绯徊不定，难以作出正确的选择，甚至张冠李戴。? eg.Though the long term cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee. A.affect B.effect C.effort D.afford 答案 B。尽管工程的远期效果还无法预测，委员会还是批准了这项工程。这四个词拼写相似，但它们的词义或词性却不同。affect动词，意为“影响”；effect为名词，意为“效果”；effort名词，意为“努力”；afford动词，意为“负担得起；提供”。掌握了它们之间的这些差异，你会毫不犹豫地选择B。

　　3.词组与习惯用法辨析题 1)动词短语搭配 英语动词短语是英语的难点之一，它是由动词+副词、动词+介词、动词+副词+介词几种方式构成的惯用组合，具有自己独特的意义。其意义、语法、用法等常使考生感到困难。首先，动词短语的词义不是动词和副词、介词等小品词的简单组合，往往难以从字面上理解。其次，动词短语的使用场合及范围不易弄清楚。第三，同义、近义和反义的动词短语容易混淆。要学好英语，必须学会使用动词短语。测试动词短语的题目在词汇题中占有很大的比例，其目的是测试考生辨别和运用动词短语，尤其是同一动词所构成的不同动词短语的能力。? eg.The car won't start because the battery was ._______ A.run up B.run down C.run off D.run over 答案 B。蓄电池电力减弱了，因此汽车无法发动起来。这是一个因果关系的句子。“汽车为什么发动不起来?”原因是“电池电力减弱”。四个选项中，只有run down有“减弱”之意，其它三个选择项与本句意思不合。run up表示“增长”，run off“逃离”；run over“溢出”。如果考生掌握了这四个动词短语的含义，就会作出正确的选择了。?

　　2)习惯用语题 英语习语(English idiom)具有特有的、约定俗成的结构形式，如“步行”，可说on foot,不说by foot，而“乘车”要说by bus,不说on bus。再如anything but与nothing but两个词组意义完全不同anything but的基本意思是not at all,而nothing but的基本意思是only。英语中的习语令人眼花缭乱，其构成形式有的甚至无规律可循。它们通常由两个或两个以上的词组成，不能任意拆开。其意义常常不是单词意义的简单结合，而是另外具有新的意义。因此，应把词组作为一个整体来记。测试的目的是检验考生对常用词组的理解和运用能力。? eg.Please don't stand in the kitchen door, you're ______ . A.in a way B.by the way C.in no way D.in the way 答案 D。不要站在厨房门口，你挡路了。这四个选择项都是固定词组，都有自己的含义。ina way表示“在某种程度上或某点上”；by the way“顺便说一下”；in no way“决不”；in the way表示“挡路，妨碍”；“阻止”。根据题意答案应为D。学生面对这些貌似杂乱无章，没有规律可循的习惯表达法，一方面要广读多看，博词强记；另一方面还要会寻找规律，学会归纳，避免机械记忆而事倍功半。 总而言之，解答词汇题的先决条件是对词汇的理解和辨析。因此考生平时要注意弄清楚词的内涵和外部关系，尤其是要注意了解名词、动词、形容词等实词彼此之间以及它们与介词或副词之间的搭配关系。与此同时，还要留心词的惯用法，把习语作为一个整体储存在脑海里。?

　　语法命题趋势

　　语法结构是考生必须掌握的一个重要部分。在六级考试中，语法内容出现在词语用法与语法结构这一部分(Vocabulary and Structure)。从以往考试的全真题来看，语法结构所占的比例略小于词语用法，但数目相差并不多。语法测试要求考生根据题目所提供的某种线索，从给出的四个选择项中选出在语法规则上、语意逻辑上及文体上与题干完全吻合的最佳答案。从内容上来看，语法部分的测试强调全面性，除略微偏重虚拟语气外，教学大纲语法结构表中的其他语法项目几乎都涉及到了。语法测试的另一个重要特点是其特殊性，测试的'重点多为语法项目中的特殊点，如虚拟语气中if的省略与倒装、情态动词与完成体的搭配等。 因此，考生必须在全面、准确、透彻掌握基本语法项目的基础上，进一步钻研其中特殊的疑难点，并辅以大量的练习，才能顺利通过语法难关。 语法结构部分主要测试时态和语态、虚拟语气、主从复合句(定语从句、名词从句、状语从句等)、句法结构(强调句型、倒装语序、独立结构等)以及一致问题、固定句型等内容。考生需要注意的是，在开始答题之前，一定要对选择项及题干进行认真的分析，辨明该题所要测试的语法点以及出题者的测试意图，只有这样，在应试时才能做到心中有数，临场不乱。

　　一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)