GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业，由美国教育考试服务处（Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办。

　　GRE试题

　　16. UPBRAlD : REPROACH ::

　　(A) dote : like

　　(B) lal: : stray

　　(C) vex : please

　　(D) earn : desire

　　(E) recast : explain

　　Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content.

　　After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions

　　following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

　　lt has been known for many decades that the appear-

　　ance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average

　　cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar

　　flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radia-

　　tion, and x-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot (5)

　　cycle. But after more than a century of investigation. the

　　relation of these and other phenomena, known collec-

　　tively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrescrial weather

　　and climate remains unclear. For example. the sunspot

　　cycle and the allied rnagnetic-polarity cycle have been (10)

　　linked to periodicities discerned in records of such vari-

　　ables as rainhll. temperature, and winds. lnvariably,

　　however, the relation is weak. and commonly ofdubious

　　statistical significance.

　　Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also (15)

　　been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in

　　the notes kept by European observers in the late seven-

　　teenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some schol-

　　ars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at

　　that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The (20)

　　Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual

　　cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early

　　nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder mini-

　　mum has yet to be established, however, especially since

　　the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar (25)

　　activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scien-

　　tists have also sought evidence of long-term solar period-

　　icities by examining indirect climatological data, such as

　　fossil recoras of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These

　　studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial(30)

　　climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to contirm

　　the cycle’s past existenue.

　　If consistPn! and re!iab!e geo!sgigal~-arek-xologieal

　　evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant

　　past could be found, it might also resolve an important(35)

　　issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Cur-

　　rently, chere are two models of solar activity. The tirst

　　supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by

　　rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale

　　magnetic field to produce a dynamo. a device in which(40)

　　mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a mag-

　　netic field. ln short. the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field

　　is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity

　　cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall

　　changc for perhaps billions of years. The alternative(45)

　　exp)anarion supposes that the Sun’s large-sca)e magnetic

　　field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it

　　formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this

　　model. the solar mechanism dependent on the Sun’s

　　magnetiC field runs down more quickly. Thus, the char-(50)

　　acteristics of the solar-activity cycle uvuld be expected to

　　change over a long period of time. Modern solar obser-

　　vations span too short a time to reveal whether present

　　cyclical solar aCtivity is a long-lived feature of the Sun,

　　or merely a transient phenomenon.

　　17. The author focuses primarily on

　　(A) presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar

　　activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support them

　　(B) giving a brief overview of some recent scientifrc developments

　　in s’olar physics and assessing their impact on future climatological research

　　(C) discussing the difficulties involved in linkinl: ter- restrial

　　phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue

　　could have an impact on our understanding of solar physics

　　(D) pointing out the futility of a certain line of sci- entific inquiry

　　into the terrestrial effects of solar activity and recommendine ita

　　aban- donment in favor of purely physics-oriented research

　　(E) outlinine the specific reasons why a problem in solar physics has

　　not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical approach of modern

　　physicists.

　　18. Which of th.e following statements about the two models of solar

　　activity. as they are described in lines 37-55, is accurate?

　　(A) In both modgls cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived

　　feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.

　　(B) Tn both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being

　　dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.

　　(C) Tn one model the Sun’s magnetic fieid is thought to play a role in

　　causing solar activ- ity, whereas in the other model it is not.

　　(D) In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial

　　phenomena. whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have

　　observable effects on the Earth.

　　(E) In one model cycles of solar activity with peri- odicities longer than

　　a few decades are con- sidered to be impossible, whereas in the other model

　　such cycles are predicted.

　　19. According to the passage, late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century

　　Chinese records are impor- tant for which of the following reasons?

　　(A) They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated

　　were incorrect.

　　(B) They syggest that the Maunder minimum can- not be related to climate.

　　(C) Thcy suggest that the Maunder minimum might be -’alid only for Europe.

　　(D) They establish the existence of a span of unusu- ally cold weather

　　worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.

　　(E) They establish that solar activity at the tirne of the Maunder minimum

　　did not significantly vary from its present pattern.

　　20. The author implies which of the followine about currently available

　　geological and archaeoloeical evidence concerning the solar-activity cycle?

　　(A) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 37-45.

　　(B) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 45-52.

　　(C) It is insufficient to confirtn either model of solar activity described

　　in the third paragraph.

　　(D) It contradicts both models of solar activity as they are presented in

　　the third paragraph.

　　(E) It disproves the theory that terrestrial weather and solar activitv are

　　linked in some way.

　　21. Tt can be inferred from the passage that the argu- ment in favor of the

　　model described in lines 37- 45 would be strengthened if which of the following

　　were found ta he tme?

　　(A) Episodes of intense volcanic eruptions in the distant past occurred in

　　cycles having very long periodicities.

　　(B) At the present time the global level of thunder- storm activity increases

　　and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.

　　(C) In the distant past cyclical climatic changes had periodicities of longer

　　than 200 years.

　　(D) In the last century the length of the sunspot cycle has been known to

　　vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 years.

　　(E) Hundreds of millions of years ago, solar- activity cycles displayed the

　　same periodicities as do present-day solap-activity cycles.

　　22. lt can be inferred from the passage that Chinese observations of the Sun

　　during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries

　　(A) are ambiguous because most sunspots cannot be seen with the naked eye

　　(B) probably were made under the same weather conditions as those made in Europe

　　(C) are more reliable than European observations . made during this period

　　(D) record some sunspot activity during this period

　　(E) have been employed by scientists seeking to argue that a change in solar

　　activity occurred during this period.

　　23. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring

　　thickness to locate possi- ble links between solar periodicity and terrestrial

　　climate are based on which of the following assump- tions?

　　(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period

　　in which the tree rings erew.

　　(B) The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term

　　weather pat- terns.

　　(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.

　　(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflecr changes in terres- trial climate.

　　(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly af~ct tree-ring

　　thickness.

　　The common belief of some linguists that each

　　language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the

　　nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart

　　of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics

　　that supply and demand will regulate everything for the(5)

　　best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous

　　cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual

　　wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to

　　those instances in which the very nature of a ianguage

　　calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation,(10)

　　and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified

　　or defined in order to present the idea intended by the

　　speaker: "He took his stick,no, not John’s, but his

　　own." No language is perfec’t, and if we admit this truth,

　　we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investi-(15)

　　gate the relative merits of different languages or of

　　different details in languages.

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