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　　1.Simile 明喻

　　明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.

　　标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.

　　例如:

　　1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.

　　2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.

　　3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.

　　2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻

　　隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.

　　例如:

　　1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.

　　2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.

　　3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻

　　借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.

　　I.以容器代替内容,例如:

　　1>.The kettle boils. 水开了.

　　2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.

　　II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:

　　Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.

　　III.以作者代替作品,例如:

　　a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集

　　VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:

　　I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.

　　4.Synecdoche 提喻

　　提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.

　　例如:

　　1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)

　　他的厂里约有100名工人.

　　2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)

　　他是本世纪的牛顿.

　　3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.(整体代部分)

　　这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.