Community and urban planning. Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being. 社区和城市规划。

　　从事土木工程这一方面的工程师可能规划和发展一个城市中的社区， 或整 个城市。此规划中所包括的远远不仅仅为工程因素，土地的开发使用和自然资源环境的，社 会的和经济的因素也是主要的成分。 这些土木工程师对公共建设工程的规划和私人建筑的发 展进行协调。他们评估所需的设施，包括街道，公路，公共运输系统，机场，港口，给排水 和污水处理系统， 公共建筑， 公园， 和娱乐及其他设施以保证社会， 经济和环境地协调发展。

　　Photogrametry, surveying, and mapping. The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth’s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. Radio signal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation project, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.

　　摄影测量， 测量学和地图绘制。 在这一专业领域的土木工程师精确测量地球表面以获得可靠 的信息来定位和设计工程项目。这一 方面包括高工艺学方法，如卫星成相，航拍，和计算 机成相。来自人造卫星的无线电信号，通过激光和音波柱扫描被转换为地图，为隧道钻孔， 建造高速公路和大坝，绘制洪水控制和灌溉方案，定位可能影响建筑项目的地下岩石构成， 以及许多其他建筑用途提供更精准的测量。

　　Other specialties. Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.

　　其他的专门项目。 还有两个并不完全在土木工程范围里面但对训练相当重要的附加的专门项 目是工程管理和工程教学。

　　Engineering management. Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are able to start their careers in management positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government—municipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management engineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations. They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.

　　工程管理。 许多土木工程师都选择最终通向管理的职业。 其他则能让他们的事业从管理位置 开始。土木工程管理者结合技术上的知识和一种组织能力来协调劳动力，材料，机械和钱。 这些工程师可能工作在政府——市政、国家、州或联邦；在美国陆军军团作为军队或平民的 管理工程师；或在半自治地区，城市主管当局或相似的组织。他们也可能管理规模为从几个 到百个雇员的私营工程公司。

　　Engineering teaching. The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate and undergraduate students in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in construction materials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on technical boards and commissions associated with major projects. 工程教学。

　　通常选择教学事业的土木工程师教授研究生和本科生技术上的专门项目。 许多从 事教学的土木工程师参与会导致建筑材料和施工方法技术革新的基础研究。 多数也担任工程 项目或技术领域的顾问，和主要项目的代理。

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