四、介词by的用法

　　1. 意为“在……旁”，“靠近”。

　　Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake.

　　有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。

　　2. 意为“不迟于”，“到……时为止”。

　　Your son will be all right by supper time.

　　你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。

　　How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?

　　到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?

　　3. 表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。

　　The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.

　　猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。

　　The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.

　　孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。

　　4. 表示“逐个”，“逐批”的意思。

　　One by one they went past the table in the dark.

　　他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。

　　5. 表示“根据”，“按照”的意思。

　　What time is it by your watch?

　　你的表几点了?

　　6. 和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。

　　I took him by the hand.

　　我拉住了他的手。

　　7. 用于被动句中，表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等。

　　English is spoken by many people.

　　英语被许多人说。（即“许多人讲英语。”）

五、重点短语

　　1. at the moment

　　2. used to

　　3. for a while

　　4. walk away with sth.

　　5. leave for some place

　　6. sooner or later

　　7. pay for

　　8. come up with an idea

　　9. think of

　　10. have a try

　　11. all over the world

　　12. be famous for

　　13. large numbers of

　　14. all the year round

　　15. no matter what

　　16. give up

　　17. for example

　　18. by the way

　　19. on business

　　20. so far

　　21. come true

　　22. set off

　　23. slow down

　　24. go on doing

　　25. wait for

　　26. be proud of

　　27. be afraid of

　　28. speak highly of

　　29. a year and a half

　　30. half a year

　　31. pick up

　　32. as soon as

　　33. keep clean

　　34. take care of

　　35. cut down

　　36. make a contribution to

　　37. base on

　　38. make sure

　　39. take away