2.过去完成时

　　(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：

　　1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

　　2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

　　(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：

　　I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.

　　另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：

　　1)was / were + to have done sth,例如：

　　We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

　　2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如：

　　I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

　　(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

　　1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：

　　Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

　　2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：

　　No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

　　3)by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

　　The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

　　3.将来完成时

　　将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的`词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：

　　1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

　　2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

　　3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

　　4.完成进行时

　　完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。

　　(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

　　I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

　　(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

　　It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

　　(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：

　　By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

四：时态一致

　　时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是：

　　1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态

　　He says that he lives in Wuhan.

　　We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

　　“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”

　　“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”

　　“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”

　　2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态

　　He said he was writing a novel.

　　The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

　　He said his father had been an engineer.

　　3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如：

　　The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

　　注：在此种情况下，即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时。

　　4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况

　　利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不能遵循时态一致原则。例如：

　　We insisted that we do it ourselves.

　　动词的语态

　　语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

　　1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)

　　2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)

　　1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语

　　(1)在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。

　　(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。

　　2.被动语态的时态形式

　　常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。

　　SPAN> 一般时 进行时 完成时

　　现在 am asked am being asked

　　is asked is being asked

　　are asked are being asked

　　过去

　　was be asked was being asked

　　were be asked were being asked

　　将来 shall be asked shall have been asked

　　will be asked will have been asked

　　过去 should be asked should have been asked

　　将来 would be asked would have been asked

　　3.短语动词的被动语态

　　短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：

　　1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

　　2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.

　　4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态

　　“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：

　　The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

　　另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：

　　get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)

　　get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)

　　get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)

　　get married(结婚)　　5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态

　　(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保留下来。例如：

　　1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)

　　2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)

　　3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)

　　(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如：

　　1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)

　　2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)

　　6.被动语态与系表结构的区别

　　(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)

　　(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)

　　7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思

　　例1：The book is selling remarkably well.

　　例2：The song sounds very beautiful.

　　能这样用的动词还有read(读起来)，clean(擦起来)，wash(洗起来)，write(写起来)。

　　例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

　　能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。

　　例4：The meat is cooking.

　　例5：The book written by the professor is printing.

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